The first initiative to get representatives of various religions to promote tolerance and respect for other religions took place in Chicago, in the year 1893 during the The World's Columbian Exposition also known as the Chicago World's Fair.
The Parliament of Religions opened on 11 September 1893 at the World's Congress Auxiliary Building which is now The Art Institute of Chicago, and ran from 11 to 27 September, making it the first organized interfaith gathering by the initiative of the Swedenborgian layman (and judge) Charles Carroll Bonney. The Parliament of Religions was by far the largest of the congresses held in conjunction with the Exposition.
Today it is recognized as the occasion of the birth of formal interreligious dialogue worldwide. The representatives of religions and new religious movements was:
Jainism represented by Virchand Gandhi;
The Buddhist preacher Anagarika Dharmapala was invited as a representative of "Southern Buddhism", the term applied at that time to the Theravada;
Soyen Shaku, the "First American Ancestor" of Zen, made the trip;
An essay by the Japanese Pure Land master Kiyozawa Manshi, "Skeleton of the philosophy of religion" was read in his absence;
Swami Vivekananda, a Bengali Kayastha caste Indian monk, represented Hinduism as a delegate, introducing Hinduism at the opening session of the Parliament on 11 September;
Though initially nervous, he bowed to Saraswati, then began his speech with salutation, "Sisters and brothers of America!”. To these words he got a standing ovation from a crowd of thousands, which lasted for two minutes. When silence was restored he began his address. He greeted the youngest of the nations on behalf of "the most ancient order of monks in the world, the Vedic order of sannyasins, a religion which has taught the world both tolerance and universal acceptance!";
Christianity was represented by G. Bonet Maury who was a protestant historian invited by Swami Vivekananda and Rev Hewett, Roman Catholic;
Islam was represented by Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb, an Anglo-American convert to Islam and the former US ambassador to the Philippines;
Rev. Henry Jessup addressing the World Parliament of Religions was the first to publicly discuss the Bahá'í Faith in the United States (it had previously been known in Europe). Since then Bahá'ís have become active participants;
Theism or the Brahmo Samaj was represented by Pratap Chandra Majumdar;
The Theosophical Society was represented by the Vice-President of the society, William Quan Judge and by activist Annie Besant;
New religious movements of the time, such as Spiritualism and Christian Science was represented by Septimus J. Hanna, who read an address written by the founder Mary Baker Eddy;
Absent from this event were Native American religious figures, Sikhs and other Indigenous and Earth-centered religionists.
References
Chicago 1893 parliamentofreligions.org
ParliamentofReligions.org, Official Site
"Chicago, September, 1893 on the platform". vivekananda.net. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
Marcus Braybrooke, Charles Bonney and the Idea for a World Parliament of Religions, The Interfaith Observer
Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Western Theology, World Parliament of Religions (1893)
McRae, John R. (1991). "Oriental Verities on the American Frontier: The 1893 World's Parliament of Religions and the Thought of Masao Abe". Buddhist-Christian Studies. University of Hawai'i Press. 11: 7–36. doi:10.2307/1390252. JSTOR 1390252.
Michaud, Derek. An Analysis of Culture and Religion People.bu.edu. 14 April 2012.
"Parliament of the World’s Religions", Religion & Ethics Newsweekly, 23 October 2015
Jain, Pankaz; Hingarh, Pankaz; Doshi, Bipin; Smt. Priti Shah. "Virchand Gandhi, A Gandhi before Gandhi". herenow4u. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
Ford, James Ishmael (2006). Zen Master Who?. Wisdom Publications. pp. 59–62. ISBN 0-86171-509-8.
Dutt 2005, p. 121
"First Public Mentions of the Bahá'í Faith". Bahá'í Information Office of the UK. 1998. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
"Baha'is participate in interfaith parliament". Bahá'í World News Service. Bahá’í International Community. 12 July 2004. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
Peel, Robert (1977). Mary Baker Eddy: The Years of Discovery. New York: Holt, Rineheart and Winston, p. 51.
"1993 Chicago: Chicago 1993 | parliamentofreligions.org". parliamentofreligions.org. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
"Global Ethic: About the Global Ethic | parliamentofreligions.org". parliamentofreligions.org. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
"2004 Parliament of the World's Religions". Archived from the original on 28 December 2008. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
"Towards a Global Ethic". kusala.org. 13 September 2014.
"Guestview: Faiths meet at Parliament of World Religions". Reuters. 8 December 2009.
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 February 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
"Brussels to Host the Parliament". Parliament of the World's Religions. 21 March 2011. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
"Joint Statement About Brussels 2014". 30 November 2012. Archived from the original on 6 December 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
"Parliament of World Religions convenes in Mormon country - at last". 14 October 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
"Parliament Follow Up Letter | Inter Religious Federation for World Peace". www.irfwp.org. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
Parliament of the World's Religions in Salt Lake 'best ever,' chairman says. Deseret News. Retrieved 2016-6-27.
"2018 Toronto: Toronto 2018". parliamentofreligions.org. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
Stalker, Nancy K. (2008). Prophet motive : Deguchi Onisaburō, Oomoto, and the rise of new religions in Imperial Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 118–130. ISBN 9780824831721.
"2007 Universal Forum of Cultures, Monterrey, Mexico". Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
"Central European Interfaith Formum". CIEF. 4 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
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"CEIF Central European Interfaith Forum" (PDF). Nitra Statement. CEIF. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
Further reading
Rev. J. H. Barrows. The World's Parliament of Religions. Chicago, 1893.
Rev. J. H. Barrows. "Results of the Parliament of Religions". The Forum, September 1894.
G. D. Boardmann. The Parliament of Religions. Philadelphia, 1893.
Bonnet-Maury, Gaston. "Le congrès religieux de Chicago et la réunion des églises". Revue des deux mondes, 15 August 1894.
Dr. Paul Carus. "The dawn of a new religious Era". The Forum, 1893. The Monist, April 1894.
Hanson, J. W., ed. (1894). The World's Congress of Religions – The addresses and papers delivered before the Parliament, and the Abstract of the Congresses, held in Chicago, August 1893 to October 1893, under the Auspices of The World's Columbian Exposition. Chicago: Conkey Company. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
Dutt 2005 (cited but not defined)
Prof. Walter R. Houghton. Neely's History of the Parliament of Religions and Religious Congresses at the World's Columbian Exposition. Chicago, 1893.
Rev. J. L. Jones. A Chorus of faith as heard in Parliament of Religions held in Chicago, 10–27 September 1893. Chicago, 1893.
R. Rev. Kean. Catholic family annual, 1893.
Rev. L. P. Mercer. Review of the World's Religions Congresses of the World's Congress Auxiliary of the World's Columbian Exposition. Chicago, 1893.
Max Muller. Arens, December 1894. Boston.
Peel, Robert (1977). Mary Baker Eddy: The Years of Authority. New York: Holt, Rineheart and Winston, p. 51.
Gen. M. M. Trumbull. "The Parliament of Religions". The Monist, April 1894.
M. Zmigrodsky. "Kongres Katolicki i Kongres wszech Religij w Chicago 1893 roku". Kraków, 1894.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parliament of the World's Religions.
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: God and Religious Toleration
Official website
Official Portal on YouTube
Das Weltparlament der Religionen in Chicago 1893 (in German)
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